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Lampbrush chromosome
Lampbrush chromosomes are a special form of chromosome found in the growing oocytes (immature eggs) of most animals, except mammals. They were first described by Walther Flemming in 1882.〔Flemming W (1882) Zellsubstanz, Kern- und Zelltheilung. Vogel, Leipzig.〕 Lampbrush chromosomes of tailed and tailless amphibians, birds and insects are described best of all.〔Callan HG (1986) Lampbrush Chromosomes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 252pp.〕〔Morgan, G.T. (2002) Lampbrush chromosomes and associated bodies: new insights into principles of nuclear structure and function. Chromosome Research. 10: 177 - 200.〕〔Gaginskaya E, Kulikova T, Krasikova A (2009) Avian Lampbrush Chromosomes: a Powerful Tool for Exploration of Genome Expression. Cytogenet Genome Res. V.124. P.251-267.〕 Chromosomes transform into the lampbrush form during the diplotene stage of meiotic prophase I due to an active transcription of many genes. They are highly extended meiotic half-bivalents, each consisting of 2 sister chromatids. Lampbrush chromosomes are clearly visible even in the light microscope, where they are seen to be organized into a series of chromomeres with large chromatin loops extended laterally. Amphibian and avian lampbrush chromosomes can be microsurgically isolated from oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) with either forceps or needles.〔Gall JG (1966) Techniques for the study of lampbrush chromosomes. In: Prescott DM (ed) Methods in cell physiology, vol II. Academic Press, London New York, pp 37-60.〕〔Macgregor HC, Varley J (1988) Working with Animal Chromosomes. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons.〕
A given loop always contains the same DNA sequence, and it remains extended in the same manner as the oocytes grows. These chromosomes are producing large amounts of RNA for the oocyte, and most of the genes present in the DNA loops are being actively expressed. Each lateral loop contains one or several transcription units with polarized RNP-matrix coating the DNA axis of the loop.〔Macgregor HC (1984) Lampbrush chromosomes and gene utilisation in meiotic prophase. In: Controlling Events in Meiosis, W. Evans and H.G.Dickinson (Editors). The Company of Biologists. P 333-348.〕〔Morgan, G.T. (2002) Lampbrush chromosomes and associated bodies: new insights into principles of nuclear structure and function. Chromosome Research. 10: 177 - 200.〕〔Gaginskaya E, Kulikova T, Krasikova A (2009) Avian Lampbrush Chromosomes: a Powerful Tool for Exploration of Genome Expression. Cytogenet Genome Res. V.124. P.251-267.〕 The majority of the DNA, however, is not in loops but remains highly condensed in the chromomeres on the axis, where genes are generally not expressed.
It is thought that the interphase chromosomes of all eukaryotes are similarly arranged in loops. Although these loops are normally too small and fragile to be easily observed in a light microscope, other methods can be used to infer their presence. For example, it has become possible to assess the frequency with which two loci along an interphase chromosome are paired with each other, thus revealing candidates for the sites on chromatin that form the closely apposed bases of loop structures. These experiments and others suggest that the DNA in human chromosomes is organized into loops of different lengths. A typical loop might contain between 50,000 and 200,000 nucleotide pairs of DNA, although loops of a million nucleotide pairs have also been suggested.
Giant chromosomes (chromosome lianpui ) in the lampbrush form are useful model for studying chromosome organization, genome function and gene expression during meiotic prophase, since they allow the individual transcription units to be visualized.〔Morgan, G.T. (2002) Lampbrush chromosomes and associated bodies: new insights into principles of nuclear structure and function. Chromosome Research. 10: 177 - 200.〕 Moreover, lampbrush chromosomes are widely used for high-resolution mapping of DNA sequences and construction of detail cytological maps of individual chromosomes.〔Gaginskaya E, Kulikova T, Krasikova A (2009) Avian Lampbrush Chromosomes: a Powerful Tool for Exploration of Genome Expression. Cytogenet Genome Res. V.124. P.251-267.〕
==Notes==
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